Conservative Labour party - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1849 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Is Britains two-party system in decline? Introduction A two party -system has existed in the United Kingdom since the late 17th century. Based on the evidence, since the mid 1920s until present, the dominant groups are the Conservative party and the Labour party. So There are also some smaller parties exist in the united kingdom e.g. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Conservative Labour party" essay for you Create order The Liberal Democrats, the green party, the British, Scottish and Walsh nationalist parties, who are representing the minorities in the UK parliament. But the Welsh and Scottish nationalist parties are the dominant in the Wales and Scotland. However, I will be writing on the Britains two-party system to see the system is developing or in decline? I think this topic is very interesting, because the past histories of political parties in Britain gives us the notions of how to discover that the two-party system is developed or whether in decline. Thus, as many intellectuals and politician are arguing that, there is different type of political systems exist in Britain. In order to find out or to understand the system, I will exclusively focus on the Conservative and Labour parties, as they have been the dominant parties since the 20th century until now. This essay will argue that why still some politicians and intellectuals in Britain have called the British political system is a t wo-party system? And what are their suggestions today? Well, for finding the facts and realities, I follow the ideas of some British politicians who have used their initiatives to examine the British politics on way of whether the British political system is a two-party system or the system in decline. For these ideas, the evidences to be used to show the argument is more clear. However, this essay will demonstrate the distinct between the Labour Government and Conservative government through the 20th century. Also, I am going to argue that the roles of the opposition parties are very important, because they have been contributed a lot to the government, which they are still struggling to make a strong and powerful opposition in parliament, so the recent and past elections are the clear guidance and leads us to the truth. So the roles of the electoral system are very crucial, therefore I had used my initiatives in order to gain relevant information relating to the topic. The a rguments in this essay are based on the searches and readings that I have carried out during this essay writings. The debates within this essay are theoretical and empirical prospective in comparison with the past and present political developments and failures. Political system in Britain has always formed the government, the dominant party in parliament has the right to form the government policy for five years period during each election and represent the United kingdoms foreign policy too. Aldermans study of â€Å"1989 contemplated the possibility that Britain now had a one-party system similar to that of Japan.† But I think Alderman is totally wrong, because the political system in Britain in not a one-party model, because the vast majority of electors supported either the labour or conservative parties at a â€Å"general election- as in 1951 when the combined two-party votes were as high as 69.8 per cent†. (Garner Kelly p12) Until 1974, the two parties shar e of the vote was never much below 90 per cent, while the third party vote never exceeded the 11.2 per cent. But they did not prevent either of two major parties from governing alone, as they were unable to gain appropriate percentages of the votes from the public to influence the Westminster policy. However, as I noted from the past and recent elections, the margin between the two major parties were always closed enough, so the party in opposition had not a chance to share the power with the governing party. However, on this essay I am going to demonstrate the facts that led those two parties to win the elections and maintain as a dominant parties within the British society. For finding the facts and realities that lies on the political systems, we cannot ignore the past history of British politics. Therefore, it is very important to look over it in brief details. History â€Å"In recent years, there has been a great deal of argument and confusion concerning the true character of Britains party system. This represents a sharp contrast with the situation obtaining for most of the post-war period, when Britains two-party system was widely considered a supreme example of two-party model. â€Å"Writing in 1962, Ivor Jennings suggested that there was a natural tendency for Britain to have a two-party system, while in 1968 R. M. Punnett agreed that such a system was the logical outcome of both the Westminster model of Parliamentary democracy and the pattern of political debates in Britain†. 1n 1977, Drucker suggested that Britains party system had become ‘multi-party in character, citing in 1974 general elections as evidence. Three years later, an introductory chapter by S. E. Finer implied that the 1979 election had highlighted that Britains was, in essence, still a two-party system. The emergence of the SDP-Liberal Alliance in 1981 prom pted further conflicting speculation. By 1985, for instance,† Berrington believed that the system is three-party system. However, Benyon indicating in 1987 election the system is two-party systems not a three. â€Å"In 1988, however Crewe suggested that the three-party system Britain has known since 1981 is dead; while Aldermans study of 1989 contemplated the possibility that Britain now had a one-party system similar to that of Japan.† To make sense of these confusions, it is necessary to clarify each point that most scholars of British politics period to 1974 has appointed. There are in fact no three-party systems exist among British Politics, because the two main parties play a central and essential role in the political life. That is why Britain is often presented as a pure and perfect model of a two-party system at the time. Britain for the most of the post-war period had a classic two-party system, because the social class was the main foundation of the two- party system. â€Å"Since 1970s this system has come under persistent pressure, with the growth of support for a wider range of political parties; the impact of centre parties like the Liberals. Yet it has not been just the centre parties have benefited from the fragmentation of party support. The Scottish National party has commanded between 11 and 30 per cent of votes in Scotland in the last seven general elections, winning 11 seats and more votes than the conservative in October 1974. In Wales, Plaid Cymru has secured on average 8 per cent of votes at elections since 1970 and has become a veritable force in Welsh-speaking constituencies. The Green Party achieved almost 15 per cent of the votes in Britain at the 1989 European elections, a performance reflected and often battered by many of its members contesting local elections in the late 1980s. In the late 1970s, there was even increased support for the National Front, which came third in the three by-elections in the 1976 a nd 1977 while polling up to 17 per cent in certain local elections† (Garner Kelly p4). Recent electoral movements in Britain appear to bring that country gradually nearer towards multi-party system, the slow decline of the Labour and Conservative parties have tended to conform to this model. The implication of cold war on British political parties How the cold war divided the ideologies in Britain? What was the cause of dividing? What was the consequence of the cold war? Emerging the new political parties Political Partys Agenda In Britain what were their agendas the agenda of Conservative Labour The introduction of devolution by the Labour party since 1997 has regionalised democracy even further and has resulted in the emergence of small nationalist parties such as the SNP in Scotland, Sinn Fein in Northern Ireland and Plaid Cymru in Wales, which have nope chance of holding government in Westminster but do receive a great deal of local support. Therefore at local and even devolved level, the UK can be classed as possessing the qualities of a multi party system. However at national level, this idea seems implausible as the vast majority of seats are shared by only two or perhaps three parties and therefore the smaller parties can be considered to have very little effect on the overall political situation. In conclusion, the UK can still best be described as a two party system, provided two considerations are taken into account. The first is that Conservative dominance victories between 1979-97 was not a suggestion of party dominance and that eventually, the swing of t he political pendulum will be even for both sides. This can perhaps be seen today with Labours two landslide victories in 1997 and 2001 Liberals Why they have given up their seats to Liberals? The Theory of power among two main British parties â€Å"As McKenzie aim to assess the relevance of Michelss theory to the distribution of power within the two main British parties, He concludes, in line with Michels, that authority in both parties rests with parliamentary party and its leadership and that the role of the party outside parliament is limited to vote-getting rather than policy-making. Thus, McKenzie seeks to dispel what the sees as the myth that Labour Party, unlike the Conservative Party, is internally democratic. McKenzie argues that both parties have a similar power structure because they both accept the rules and convictions which govern the British political system. Thus, both parties accept that party leaders must exercise absolute power in the choice of their Cabinet colleagues and that MPs must be responsible to the electorate and not the extra-parliamentary party.† (Garner Kelly p8) Conclusions The system is not two-party system today Since the mid-1920s the dominant groupings have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. However, several smaller parties e.g., the Liberal Democrats, the Scottish and Welsh nationalist parties, and loyalist (unionist) and republican (nationalist) political parties in Northern Ireland have gained representation in Parliament, especially since the 1970s. The two-party system is one of the outstanding features of British politics and generally has produced firm and decisive government. The system is not unstable And the decline of the two major parties was such that Britain appeared to have moved into the exceptional and seemingly transitional position of a genuine three party system. If the proposition advanced earlier is correct, it would seem that in the next few years Britain will move to one of three types of further changes. The Liberals could return to their normal position of small party; they could displace one of the two major parties, a split could occur among the supporters of one or both of the major parties and Britain might move from the two-party systems to the third or multi-party systems. The future developments unpredictable As the title indicates, this is a state in which just two parties dominate. Other parties might exist but they have no political importance. Bibliography *Garner, R.; Kelly, R. (1993) British political parties today (Manchester: Manchester University Press). *Punleanvy, P.; Gamble, A.; Holliday, I.; Peeple, G. (2000) Development in British Politics 6 (New York: St. Martins Press). *Peter Mair (1990) The West European Party System, ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 302-310

The Evil Of Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An...

Shooting An Elephant In George Orwell’s narrative, â€Å"Shooting An Elephant,† Orwell recreates his experience as a soldier trying to end imperialism in the country of Burma by shooting an elephant. George Orwell recreates this experience of imperialism being evil through the use of literary devices. Orwell opens his essay by reflecting upon the evil of British imperialism before shooting the elephant. Orwell’s hatred for imperialism is exemplified when he mentions â€Å"was hated by large numbers of people,† revealing that the British were outnumbered by the Burmese even though the British were in charge. Another detail that helps illustrate his hatred for imperialism is when he mentions â€Å"no one had the guts to raise a riot.† This shows that†¦show more content†¦Orwell expresses the evil of British imperialism; this evil imperialism is continued from before shooting the elephant to him hunting the elephant. Orwell illustrates, again, the evil of imperialism, this time while he goes to hunt the elephant. The evil of imperialism is exemplified when he mentions â€Å"despotic governments† showing that they have complete control and power. Additionally, when he discusses the â€Å"bazaar† it helps symbolize the Burmese economy. The â€Å"elephant had suddenly reappeared in the town† and â€Å"the Burmese population had no weapons† helps symbolize the elephant being the British empire is stronger compared to the Burmese. Another detail that helps illustrate the evil of imperialism is when he mentions that the British had â€Å"destroyed somebodys bamboo hut, killed a cow and raided some fruit-stalls† showing that the British will do anything from burning villages to oppressing natural resources to colonize the country of Burma. Orwell continues by mentioning â€Å"mans dead body sprawling in the mud† which symbolizes the Burmese that have been oppres sed. In addition, oppression is symbolized when Orwell mentions â€Å"put its foot on his back and ground him into the earth† showing the poverty the Burmese have to suffer through. Orwell’s use of the word â€Å"crucified† helps reveal the virtuousShow MoreRelated George Orwells Shooting an Elephant as an Attack on Colonialism and Imperialism842 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwells Shooting an Elephant as an Attack on Colonialism and Imperialism    The glorious days of the imperial giants have passed, marking the death of the infamous and grandiose era of imperialism. George Orwells essay, Shooting an Elephant, deals with the evils of imperialism. The unjust shooting of an elephant in Orwells story is the central focus from which Orwell builds his argument through the two dominant characters, the elephant and its executioner. The British officer, theRead MoreThemes InShooting An Elephant, By George Orwell840 Words   |  4 PagesThe Elephant has been Shot Recently I have read the essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† by George Orwell. The essay consists of Orwell reliving his younger years, when he was a Colonial police officer in Burma for the British Empire. He further describes the local’s disdain for European presence, him included. A constant theme that appears in the essay is roundabouts or contradictions; an example being Orwell claiming he hates imperialism, yet ironically works as an imperialist cop rather than quitRead MoreEssay on Imperialism: Shooting an Elephant635 Words   |  3 PagesIn George Orwells â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† deals with the evil side of imperialism. The shooting of the elephant in Orwells story is the central focus from which Orwell builds his argument through the two dominant characters, the elephant and the British officer. The British officer, acts as a symbol of the imperial country and the elephant is the victim of imperialism. Together, the solider and the elephant turns this into an attack on the evils of imperialism. The shooting of the elephant showsRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Shooting An Elephant1165 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s story ‘Shooting an Elephant’, insight is given into the life of an oppressor in the British Empire. Orwell, having undergone a significant personal experience, illustrates his experience of imperialism and the resounding effects is has on the ethical conduct and ideals of man, not only of the oppressed but also in regards of the oppressor. Orwell’s ‘Shooting an Elephant’ attempts to convey the sacrifice of one’s morality in service of imperialism. Through the spread of the BritishRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 1191 Words   |  5 Pagestwo hundred and fifty years and has experienced a civil war since World War II (DVB.no). In George Orwell’s essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† (SAE) he describes firsthand the effects of imperialism on the Burmese people and his disapproval of their actions. He established his disapproval of the Burmese with literary devices and his direct first-person narration. George Orwell deems his essay â€Å"Shooting an elephant† credible with instantly addressing the experiences of being a police officer. He presentedRead MoreShooting an Elephant938 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† is an essay written by George Orwell and published in 1936 (Orwell 66). Orwell was born June 25, 1903, as Eric Arthur Blair and passed away January 21, 1950, in India (â€Å"George Orwell Biography†). Orwell was known for his journals, novels, and essays published about his own political views (â€Å"George Orwell Biography†). Orwell traveled to Burma after not doing good enough in school to earn a scholarship and decided to join the imperialRead MoreGeorge Orwells Essay Showing Regret for Shooting an Elephant880 Words   |  4 PagesThis story is a representation of George Orwell’s perception of British imperialism around the world. It is a firsthand account of how imperialism affects both rulers and the oppressed using a short story. The author shows how imperialism is a prison to not only the Burmese, but also the British. The message can clearly be seen though Orwell’s regret in being forced to kill an elephant. The purpose of this essay is to explain Orwell’s true message of anti-imperialism using the nature of tyranny andRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 1232 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 1301 02 December 2014 Shooting an Elephant In George Orwell’s essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, Orwell recites a personal experience in which he shoots and kills an elephant while working as a British police officer in the British colony of Burma. While his actions were legally justifiable, Orwell describes his feelings of guilt for his true intentions and rationale for the killing, which he admits to himself as unnecessary and unjust. In slaying the elephant Orwell acts contrary to his ownRead MoreShades of a White Man1206 Words   |  5 Pagesperson’s life. George Orwell was born into a culture of white men, a culture that believes in dominance and superiority, a culture that steps on whoever stands in its way. Imperialism was that culture; the culture that Orwell was influenced by, and suffered from. From my perspective, I believe that even though George Orwell claimed that he was against the imperialist, British culture; â€Å"I was all for the Burmese and against their oppressors, the Britishâ €  (Orwell, Shooting an Elephant, par. 2), he wasRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Orwell Shooting An Elephant 1189 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant†: Effect of Imperialism in Burma Imperialism is a state of mind, fueled by the arrogance of superiority that could be adopted by any nation irrespective of its geographical location in the world. 1. Evidence of the existence of empires dates back to the dawn of written history in Egypt and in Mesopotamia, where local leaders extended their realms by conquering other states and holding them, when possible, in a state of subjection and semi

Federalism is a concept that started many years ag Essay Example For Students

Federalism is a concept that started many years ag Essay WMU o during the times of the ratification of the document we live by called the Constitution. This concept basically states that there will be two levels of government, the national and the state. Federalism states that the national and state governments are separate entities and have formal authority over the same area and people. With its largest effect was during the Civil rights movement. Federalism isnt a natural outgrowth of the Articles of Confederation. But the problem with the articles of confederation was that they did not give any power to the fed government it was more focused on the interests of the state they didnt want to give power to one single body because they feared that it would be like being under a king, which they didnt want. Since federalism was the belief that there should be a strong central government, the federalists obviously believed in federalism. As opposed to the anti-federalists who were later the democratic republicans who believed in states rights. The political parties back then were very focused on personal beliefs and benefits. So the political parties were out for personal gains and not what was good for the country. Which later on during those times foreshadows the federalists demise. Our country was founded on the basis of small government federalism. Characterized by traditional constitutional federalism, it was sustained for 140 years by a narrow judicial and political interpretation of federal domestic power. The shared presumption was that the states and localities had sufficient regulatory and fiscal power to meet the nations modest domestic demands except in well-defined and limited circumstances. Small government federalism survived the national crises of the Civil War and World War I. But it disappeared under the political imperative to increase economic security for all Americans in the wake of the Great Depression. A new and broader interpretation of the federal governments constitutional power led to big government federalism, which appears here to stay. During the next two stages of federalismthe New Deal/ World War II era and the Affluent/Great Society periodit was widely assumed that nothing could or would check the growing centralization of regulatory and fiscal power. It was even argued that without generous federal revenue sharing to redress the great intergovernmental fiscal imbalance, states and localities would fall by the wayside as forces in domestic policy. But news of their death turned out to be premature. Weaker economic growth in the 1970s combined with inflation began to curb the rapidly rising standard of living of most Americans. The middle class said no more tax increases and proved their power with votes. We still have big government but it is now abundantly clear that big government has not meant the steady centralization of fiscal power. In the fourth stage of federalism, an activist but deficit-ridden Washington and a vast array of surprisingly viable states and localities attend to the nations domestic public needs in general and to middle class needs in particular. So in conclusion federalism was not the brightest idea for America. Federalism out grew the Articles of Confederation. Split the country in half with personal wants and needs versus the people that want what is best for America and what we need. Bibliography: .

Marcel Duchamps invention of the readymade

Marcel Duchamp is a French artist born in the Haute-Normandie region of France in the year 1887. He is described as a both revolutionary and avante garde artist because of his invention of readymade art in 1915 and also because his works were often associated with Surrealist movements. Duchamp’s readymade art influenced the art movement during the post World War I period.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marcel Duchamp’s invention of ‘the readymade’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He invented challenged the conventional line of thinking that was used during art processes and the creation of art marketing by using subversive actions like when he called a urinal a fountain. In his invention of readymade art, Duchamp based his artwork on the belief that creative art was not made from the perspective of the artist but from the point of view of the spectator who has the ability to provide a link between the work and the external world (Masheck 1). Duchamp’s early works were mostly focused on post-impressionist styles where he experimented on classical techniques of art work and art processes. One of his first paintings that included post impressionism was the Coffee Mill painting which he drew in 1911. During the same year he also developed the Portrait of Chess Players which included his two brothers Raymond Duchamp and Jacques Villon where the art style was mostly Cubism because of the multiple perspectives of the two chess players and also because of the overlapping frames of the portrait. Other works produced by Duchamp that were heavily post impressionist art forms included the Nude Descending Staircase which he did in 1912, the Thicket which he produced in 1911, Young Man and Girl in Spring which he also produced in 1911 and Yvonne and Magdeleine Torn. All these paintings had a heavy influence of both Cubist and Favism styles of painting which were predomi nantly viewed as post impressionist styles (Masheck 3). Duchamp created readymade art objects in 1913 with his first invention being the Wheel of a Bicycle which was basically an inverted bicycle that was installed on a stool. The term readymade was not however coined until 1915 and it referred to prefabricated art forms and objects that were isolated from their functional purpose and settings where the objects were instead given an elevated status by the artist. Duchamp’s readymade art forms became a product of mass production as readymade art presented the message on its own without any form of mediation and assistance. Duchamp got his idea for readymade art from the clothing industry in New York that was mostly focused on the mass production of clothes that were unique and stylish (Gale 1).Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Duchamp’s vision for readymade art was mostly focuse d on producing art forms that had an aesthetic value as well as producing art objects that questioned the meaning of art itself. According to the Duchamp, the decision made by an artist to make readymade art should be governed by the artist’s indifference to the art form rather than the beauty of the object. The developments in both Futurism and Cubism greatly influenced Duchamp’s readymade works together with the poetry works of the great poet Guillame Apollinaire. His first readymade works included the Bottle Rack which he produced in 1914. The next readymade art form produced by Duchamp was done in 1915 which was the Prelude to a Broken Arm which was basically a snow shovel. His most recognisable readymade art object was the Fountain which was basically a urinal that had slight physical interventions like the pseudonym R. Mutt. The Fountain was described as the most influential piece of art work in the 20th century because of its boldness and provocativeness (Gale 2 ). The Fountain also revolutionised 20th century art work more than any other piece of work produced during the same period. Other readymade art forms produced by Duchamp included his 1920 reproduction of the Mona Lisa portrait by Leonardo da Vinci where he included a moustache and a beard in his reproduction. This led to his coining of the portrait as a rectified readymade piece of art work. In his inventions of readymade art forms, Duchamp continued to emphasize that the selection of readymade art should never be based on the perspective of the artist but on the artist’s reaction to visual indifferences that are presented in the art object (Mattick 124). Duchamp’s invention of readymade art reduced the dominance of paintings and sculptures during the 20th century where they became the most autonomous pieces of artistic art forms during the 1960s and 80s. Readymade art later revolutionised to become industrially produced art objects that achieved the status of art as a result of presentation and selection by the artists. Duchamp’s invention of readymade art was mostly based on designs of pieces of art that he viewed to be art by definition. His readymade art works were therefore based on designs that were made by others which meant that he was not the original designer of the art forms (Elger and Grosenick 80).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marcel Duchamp’s invention of ‘the readymade’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His approach to producing readymade art was mostly focused on assuming that any art object can be equipped with physical attributes and characteristics that can be used to elevate the status of the art form. He believed that an art object was defined by its context which was then used to perceive the various environments in which the art object would fit in. Duchamp’s pioneering work on readymade art helped to shape the work of contemporary artists such as Jeff Koons, Damien Hirst, Joseph Cornell, Tony Cragg and Robert Rauschenberg and Michael Martin. Contemporary artists such as Robert Rauschenberg and Damien Hirst utilised Duchamp’s preference for artistic ideas rather than visual effects in their works during the 1950s. Rauschenberg went on to produce art work that was focused on non-traditional materials which gave rise to Combines abstract expressionism. Some of his most common art forms included the canyon which he produced in 1959 and the Riding Bikes sculpture which he made in 1998 (Bossy et al 154). Damien Hirst on the other hand focused on the use of dead animals that were preserved to create artistic sculptures such as the Golden Calf, which was a cow that had its horns and hooves emersed in 18-carat gold and the Physical Impossibility of Death which involved a sculpture of a tiger shark that was preserved in formaldehyde. During the 1970s and 1980s, readymade art featured heavily in c onceptual art works as well as Arte Povera art forms. Contemporary artists who incorporated Duchamp’s readymade art perspective in their work during this time included Tony Cragg and Joseph Cornell. Tony Cragg incorporated the use of discarded construction materials and other siposed materials to create sculptures such as the Britian Seen from the North and Terris Novalis which he created in 1981. The 1980s marked the emergence of commodity art sculptures where mass produced art forms were placed in galleries and presented as sculptures. One of the artists who created commodity art sculptures during the 80s included Jeff Koons who is an American artist well known for his reproduction of banal objects. Koons produced the Two Ball 50/50 tank commodity sculpture in 1985 also known as the Equilibrium Series. The sculpture which had an influence from the work of Damien Hirst was made of two basketballs that were floating in a distilled water tank and it demonstrated the readymade aspect of commodity art sculptures. His other sculptured art forms included the Statuary which was composed of a large stainless steel blow-up of various toys and the Banality Series that was made up of a series of three life-size statues of Michael Jackson and his pet chimpanzee, Bubbles that were plated with gold (Bossy et al vi)Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Joseph Cornell was another contemporary artist in the 70s who incorporated Duchamp’s readymade art in his art sculptures. Cornell is well known for his artistic forms that incorporated aspects of assemblage and collage where he created art forms from found objects. These found objects were usually boxes that he used to assemble several collections of photographs in both a surrealist and constructive way. An example of his assembled art work is the Medici Slot Machine that had an interactive design to it which was meant to encourage the audience to handle the sculpture. His other assembled art forms that borrowed from Duchamp’s readymade art included the Soap Bubble Sets, the Space Object Boxes and the Pink Palace Series (Bossy et al vi). Another contemporary artist who still utilises Marcel Duchamp’s readymade artistic inventions and techniques is Michael Craig-Martin. He involved detached conceptualism in his sculptures that were made of commonly used household objects and other materials to create artistic art structures that were based on multimedia objects. In the year 1970, he came up with one of his most famous works that incorporated the use of four buckets made of metal that had been suspended on a table. This sculpture demonstrated the effect that conceptualism and minimalism had on Martin which later saw him producing another sculpture in 1973 known as An Oak Tree. This sculpture was made up of an ordinary glass of water that was placed on a plain shelf to demonstrate his superiority over the object in the sculpture itself. This line of thinking led to the development and formation of conceptual art that would revolutionise commodity art sculptures in the 20th century (Bossy et al vi). Duchamp’s readymade inventions and art forms paved the way for many of the above mentioned contemporary artists and other modern artists who involved the use of various objects both animate and inanimate. His readymade art has advanced the g eneral view of artistic objects by changing the process of how art forms and objects are created. Duchamp shaped the creation of artistic forms by exposing the nominalist character of pictorial events that led to Dadaism or Dada works which was a major movement that helped to form the artistic expressions of various contemporary and modern artists. Duchamp’s readymade inventions also helped to shape the avante garde artistic movement in the 19th century which was mostly concerned with expressing the view of the object rather than the view of the artist. Works Cited Bossy, Michael-Andre, Thomas, Brothers and John, McEnroe. Lives and legacies: an  encyclopedia of people who changed the world. Westport, Connecticut: The Oryx Press, 2001. Print. Elger, Dietmar and Grosenick, Uta. Dadaism. Berlin, Germany: Taschen, 2004. Print Gale, Matthew. Readymade. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Masheck, Joseph. Marcel Duchamp in perspective. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da C apo Press, 2002. Print. Mattick, Paul. Art in its time: theories and practices of modern aesthetics. London: Routledge, 2003. Print. This essay on Marcel Duchamp’s invention of ‘the readymade’ was written and submitted by user Amanda Mcgee to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.